A State-of-the-Art Survey of Tasks for Tree Design and Evaluation With a Curated Task Dataset.

In the field of information visualization, the concept of "tasks" is an essential component of theories and methodologies for how a visualization researcher or a practitioner understands what tasks a user needs to perform and how to approach the creation of a new design. In this article, we focus on the collection of tasks for tree visualizations, a common visual encoding in many domains ranging from biology to computer science to geography. In spite of their commonality, no prior efforts exist to collect and abstractly define tree visualization tasks. We present a literature review of tree visualization articles and generate a curated dataset of over 200 tasks. To enable effective task abstraction for trees, we also contribute a novel extension of the Multi-Level Task Typology to include more specificity to support tree-specific tasks as well as a systematic procedure to conduct task abstractions for tree visualizations. All tasks in the dataset were abstracted with the novel typology extension and analyzed to gain a better understanding of the state of tree visualizations. These abstracted tasks can benefit visualization researchers and practitioners as they design evaluation studies or compare their analytical tasks with ones previously studied in the literature to make informed decisions about their design. We also reflect on our novel methodology and advocate more broadly for the creation of task-based knowledge repositories for different types of visualizations. The Supplemental Material, which can be found on the Computer Society Digital Library at http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TVCG.2021.3064037, will be maintained on OSF: https://osf.io/u5ehs/.

Built environment profiles for Latin American urban settings: The SALURBAL study.

The built environment of cities is complex and influences social and environmental determinants of health. In this study we, 1) identified city profiles based on the built landscape and street design characteristics of cities in Latin America and 2) evaluated the associations of city profiles with social determinants of health and air pollution. Landscape and street design profiles of 370 cities were identified using finite mixture modeling. For landscape, we measured fragmentation, isolation, and shape. For street design, we measured street connectivity, street length, and directness. We fitted a two-level linear mixed model to assess the association of social and environmental determinants of health with the profiles. We identified four profiles for landscape and four for the street design domain. The most common landscape profile was the "proximate stones" characterized by moderate fragmentation, isolation and patch size, and irregular shape. The most common street design profile was the "semi-hyperbolic grid" characterized by moderate connectivity, street length, and directness. The "semi-hyperbolic grid", "spiderweb" and "hyperbolic grid" profiles were positively associated with higher access to piped water and less overcrowding. The "semi-hyperbolic grid" and "spiderweb" profiles were associated with higher air pollution. The "proximate stones" and "proximate inkblots" profiles were associated with higher congestion. In conclusion, there is substantial heterogeneity in the urban landscape and street design profiles of Latin American cities. While we did not find a specific built environment profile that was consistently associated with lower air pollution and better social conditions, the different configurations of the built environments of cities should be considered when planning healthy and sustainable cities in Latin America.

Multimorbidity patterns among COVID-19 deaths: proposal for the construction of etiological models

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To describe patterns of multimorbidity among fatal cases of COVID-19, and to propose a classification of patients based on age and multimorbidity patterns to begin the construction of etiological models. Methods. Data of Colombian confirmed deaths of COVID-19 until June 11, 2020, were included in this analysis (n=1488 deaths). Relationships between COVID-19, combinations of health conditions and age were explored using locally weighted polynomial regressions. Results. The most frequent health conditions were high blood pressure, respiratory disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. Dyads more frequents were high blood pressure with diabetes, cardiovascular disease or respiratory disease. Some multimorbidity patterns increase probability of death among older individuals, whereas other patterns are not age-related, or decrease the probability of death among older people. Not all multimorbidity increases with age, as is commonly thought. Obesity, alone or with other diseases, was associated with a higher risk of severity among young people, while the risk of the high blood pressure/diabetes dyad tends to have an inverted U distribution in relation with age. Conclusions. Classification of individuals according to multimorbidity in the medical management of COVID-19 patients is important to determine the possible etiological models and to define patient triage for hospitalization. Moreover, identification of non-infected individuals with high-risk ages and multimorbidity patterns serves to define possible interventions of selective confinement or special management.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Describir los patrones de multimorbilidad entre los casos fatales de COVID-19, y proponer una clasificación de los pacientes basada en la edad y los patrones de multimorbilidad para iniciar la construcción de modelos etiológicos. Métodos. Se incluyeron los datos de las muertes confirmadas por COVID-19 en Colombia hasta el 11 de junio de 2020 (n=1 488 muertes). Se exploraron las relaciones entre la COVID-19, las combinaciones de enfermedades y la edad utilizando regresiones polinómicas con ponderación local. Resultados. Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial, las enfermedades respiratorias, la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las enfermedades renales. Las díadas más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial combinada con diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares o enfermedades respiratorias. Algunos patrones de multimorbilidad aumentan la probabilidad de morir en las personas mayores, mientras que otros no están relacionados con la edad o disminuyen la probabilidad de morir en las personas mayores. A diferencia de lo que con frecuencia se considera, no toda la multimorbilidad aumenta con la edad. La obesidad, aislada o combinada con otras enfermedades, se asocia con un mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave en los jóvenes, mientras que el riesgo de la díada hipertensión arterial/diabetes tiende a tener una distribución en U invertida en relación con la edad. Conclusiones. La clasificación de los individuos según la multimorbilidad en el manejo médico de los pacientes con COVID-19 es importante para determinar los posibles modelos etiológicos y definir el triaje de los pacientes para su hospitalización. Además, la identificación de los individuos no infectados con edades y patrones de multimorbilidad de alto riesgo sirve para definir posibles intervenciones de confinamiento selectivo o manejo especial.

Multimorbidity patterns among COVID-19 deaths: proposal for the construction of etiological models.

OBJECTIVES: To describe patterns of multimorbidity among fatal cases of COVID-19, and to propose a classification of patients based on age and multimorbidity patterns to begin the construction of etiological models. METHODS: Data of Colombian confirmed deaths of COVID-19 until June 11, 2020, were included in this analysis (n=1488 deaths). Relationships between COVID-19, combinations of health conditions and age were explored using locally weighted polynomial regressions. RESULTS: The most frequent health conditions were high blood pressure, respiratory disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. Dyads more frequents were high blood pressure with diabetes, cardiovascular disease or respiratory disease. Some multimorbidity patterns increase probability of death among older individuals, whereas other patterns are not age-related, or decrease the probability of death among older people. Not all multimorbidity increases with age, as is commonly thought. Obesity, alone or with other diseases, was associated with a higher risk of severity among young people, while the risk of the high blood pressure/diabetes dyad tends to have an inverted U distribution in relation with age. CONCLUSIONS: Classification of individuals according to multimorbidity in the medical management of COVID-19 patients is important to determine the possible etiological models and to define patient triage for hospitalization. Moreover, identification of non-infected individuals with high-risk ages and multimorbidity patterns serves to define possible interventions of selective confinement or special management.

OBJETIVOS: Describir los patrones de multimorbilidad entre los casos fatales de COVID-19, y proponer una clasificación de los pacientes basada en la edad y los patrones de multimorbilidad para iniciar la construcción de modelos etiológicos. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron los datos de las muertes confirmadas por COVID-19 en Colombia hasta el 11 de junio de 2020 (n=1 488 muertes). Se exploraron las relaciones entre la COVID-19, las combinaciones de enfermedades y la edad utilizando regresiones polinómicas con ponderación local. RESULTADOS: Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial, las enfermedades respiratorias, la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las enfermedades renales. Las díadas más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial combinada con diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares o enfermedades respiratorias. Algunos patrones de multimorbilidad aumentan la probabilidad de morir en las personas mayores, mientras que otros no están relacionados con la edad o disminuyen la probabilidad de morir en las personas mayores. A diferencia de lo que con frecuencia se considera, no toda la multimorbilidad aumenta con la edad. La obesidad, aislada o combinada con otras enfermedades, se asocia con un mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave en los jóvenes, mientras que el riesgo de la díada hipertensión arterial/diabetes tiende a tener una distribución en U invertida en relación con la edad. CONCLUSIONES: La clasificación de los individuos según la multimorbilidad en el manejo médico de los pacientes con COVID-19 es importante para determinar los posibles modelos etiológicos y definir el triaje de los pacientes para su hospitalización. Además, la identificación de los individuos no infectados con edades y patrones de multimorbilidad de alto riesgo sirve para definir posibles intervenciones de confinamiento selectivo o manejo especial.